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Contents
- Rapid Primer
- Tables
- Videos and Audio
- Producing your own content:
- Check Pre-existing Documents and Sites for Accessibility
- Microsoft Office
Stony Brook University is committed to increasing digital media accessibility in cooperation with legal requirements for students of higher education. Professors should take special attention when creating their materials to comply with certain best practices to make their coursework easy to access and understand. It is best to focus on this before the course starts and before the need occurs. Some things that need to be anticipated are disabilities like learning and attention deficit, and color blindness amongst others as well as understanding how adaptive technologies like screen readers work.
Cheatsheets for commonly used software are available from the National Center on Disability and Access to Education. These can’t replace more intensive articles but are a good start and can be printed as a quick reference at your desk.
Microsoft Software
- Word 2007/2010 (Windows), 2011 (Mac), 2013 (Windows)
- Excel 2010/2013 (Windows), 2011 (Mac)
- Powerpoint 2013 (Windows), 2011 (Mac)
Adobe Software
- Adobe Acrobat XI Pro
- InDesign CS5.5
Text
Use sans serif fonts. They are easiest to read on computer screens.
Left-align text. Right or center aligned text can slow readers down.
Don’t use the indent button unless it is for a block quote.
Use quotation marks, bold or italics to denote a title of a book or article instead of underlining. Underlines commonly indicate a hyperlink.
Structure and clarify content order. Number or bullet lists. Don’t use bulleted lists excessively as they can slow down screen readers.
Use Headings. Headings allow readers to scan efficiently for the information they need. Headings should use the html heading structure. You can do this with premade styles in Google Docs and Word. For example, select and change the structure to “Heading 1” from “body” or “paragraph” text. Just changing the size or bolding the content only creates the appearance of a heading without the functional identification.
Don’t use headings to just make something look bolded or enlarged.
Make a table of contents to navigate easier. You can make one in Google Docs and Microsoft Office. They will utilize headers. If creating a WordPress site, you can use plugins like Table of Contents Plus to automatically create them.
Use text color sparingly and never as the sole means of conveying information as the readers may have various sight limitations including colorblindness.
Make sure there is sufficient contrast between the text and the background. Yellow on white? Not so good.
HyperLinks
Make links intuitive by including a descriptive phrasing and making the description the link. Avoid phrases like “click here” or “more.”
- Bad practice: Syllabus: https://organic.cc.stonybrook.edu/che000/syllabus.php
- Bad Practice: “For the course syllabus, click here.”
- Good practice: “Course Syllabus.”
Tables
In Microsoft Office
In order for a Screen Reader to properly read your document, it must understand the varying components. In order for it to do this, the document must be properly formatted to do so.
- Headers
- Column headings must be specified in order to be properly read by Screen Readers.
- If using Word 2007 or higher for Windows
- Click inside the table
- Click on the “Design” tab on the top of the page
- Check the “Header Row” box
- Type (or retype) your header
- Press the Enter key
- Tables that span more than one page
- Column headings must be specified to “Repeat as header row at the top of each page”
- If using Microsoft Word for Windows
- Right click on the first row
- Click on the Context menu
- Select “Table Properties”
- Click on the “Row” tab
- Check the “Repeat as Header Row…” box.
- If using Word for OS X
- Open the Table menu
- Choose “Heading Rows Repeat”
- Tables with both row and column headers
- Place the insertion point (the blinking vertical line) into a cell where the row and column headers intersect
- Open the Insert menu
- Choose Bookmark
- Type “Title” (without quotation marks)
- Press Enter
- Tables with only row headers
- Place the insertion point into cell within the column containing the headers
- Open the Insert Menu
- Choose Bookmark
- Type in “RowTitle” (without quotation marks)
- Press Enter
- Tables with only column headers
- Place the insertion point into cell within the row containing the headers
- Open the Insert Menu
- Choose Bookmark
- Type in “ColumnTitle” (without quotation marks)
- Press Enter
- Do not place a bookmark into each cell.
- Documents with multiple tables
- You cannot have two bookmarks with the same name
- Instead, add a descriptive word to the end of the bookmark name
- For example, if your table is about animals, you might write “RowTitle Animals”
- Create a Description
- For Word 2010 on Windows
- Right click the table
- Choose Table Properties
- Select the Alt text tab
- Type your description into the Description area
- For other word processors
- Type the description into the text area above the table.
- For Word 2010 on Windows
On websites
- A visually-impaired user cannot digest information organized in a table as easily as a sighted user can. for this reason, consideration must be made when writing the HTML for a tables so that screen readers can convey the intended information properly.
- The first element after the <table> tag should be a <caption>
- While captions are not required, they are generally very helpful.
- Use the <th> element to indicate that a table cell is a header.
- Header tags should never be empty.
- Within the <th> tag should be a scope attribute to indicate what type of header it is
- “col” signifies a column header
- “row” signifies a row header
- The scope is not required, but is very helpful. Without it, the screen reader may have trouble determining which cells are which type of header, and can prevent misinterpretation.
- Use proportional sizing as opposed to absolute sizing
- When using absolute sizing (ex: <table style=”width:400px”) the appearance is fixed, and will not adapt to the size of the window. If the window is made too small, parts will be cut off. If the window is made to large, there will be too much awkward blank space.
- Instead, use styling that scales with the size of the screen (ex: <table style=”width:10%”)
- Tables with multiple row or column headings are more difficult for screen readers to read. Whenever possible, try to make tables with single levels of headings
Example Table:
Species | Location | Life Expectancy | Conservation Status |
Emperor | Antarctica | Approx. 20 Yrs | Least concern |
Little | Australia & New Zealand | Approx. 6.5 Yrs | Least concern |
Galapagos | Galapagos Islands | 15-20 Yrs | Endangered |
Images and Icons
Ask if the image is necessary, fits well with the other graphic elements and isn’t distracting. Images can be visually interesting and illustrate a point but they can slow down adaptive tech and increase download time of a document or webpage if they are large.
Add ALT text to all images. Screen readers require alternative text (alt text) and tags so screen readers can announce image-based contents in documents or on websites. ALT text also clarifies content to other students and can be used as a search term when going through larger documents.
Videos and Audio
Videos and Audio are engaging but not everyone can see and hear the content.
Producing your own content:
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Begin with a transcript. The transcript can be read by screen readers and be used to create captions for the media.
Media can be captioned after the fact as well. There is a variety of software available, free and paid, if you wish to do it yourself. Most software exports subtitles as .sub or .srt although there are more types such as styled subtitles.
Subtitling programs suggestions:
MovieCaptioner by Synchrimedia: reasonable price for individual use and convenient interface
MacCaption and Caption Maker by Telestream: paid, industry use
Youtube Captioning by Google: free, really only convenient for <10 min videos
Working with finished content:
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If you can download the content, do so and caption it.
How to Upload and View Captions
VLC player: how to add subtitle files as a viewer with a file (.srt, .sub, .ass, etc). The VLC played supports almost all formats.
Echo360: Echo360 uses the XML document format for captions so remember to convert or export the proper file type before uploading.
Youtube: how to add subtitles and how to turn on the captions as a viewer
PDFs
You can create accessible (tagged) PDFs in Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft Office and Open Office. MS Office automatically creates tagged PDFs and Adobe requires you to click “Make Accessible.”
Learn about converting documents into a tagged PDF on webaim.
For more in-depth information on Adobe Acrobat please refer to the Adobe Accessibility Manual.
Be sure to provide a transcript if you embed any multimedia objects are embedded into your PDF documents. If any videos are included in the document, make sure they have synchronized captioning as well.
Use real text when creating your PDF. Screen readers cannot read photocopied images. If scanned images of text are used, make sure to run the images through an optical recognition software such as OnlineOCR first before inserting them into your document.
Use headings, bullets, and and any other structural elements in the document to create special tags for the screen reader.
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Check your Read Order in the Adobe Accessibility Checker.
Math Equations
Mathematical equations can be written up in LaTeX, a markup language that allows users to easily create documents that you wouldn’t otherwise be able to create in typical word processors. Sites such as Overleaf provide users with templates to streamline the process, and allow real-time feedback on the process, all for free.
If using MS Office, use the MS Office equation editor plugin MathType to create mathematical equations and scientific notation. Alternatively, you can also use the native equation editor for Libre Office. Google Docs also has a built in equation editor under the “Insert” menu.
Microsoft Office
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Like the spelling checker tells you about possible spelling errors, Accessibility Checker in Word, Excel, and PowerPoint tells you about possible accessibility issues in your Office file so you can fix these issues so someone with a disability can read and get to your content. Microsoft Office comes with the ‘Accessibility Checker” installed on all versions 2010 and up. You will need to convert your documents to the most recent file type in order for the checker to work correctly.
Windows
Mac
Microsoft Word 2011 for Mac does not offer the Accessibility Checker at this time.
Adobe Acrobat Pro
Websites
Check that your site is accessible by typing your link in on the wave.webaim.org website.
You can also check how well a basic screen reader will work with your site by using VoiceOver–a program for MacOS and iOS. You can find instructions for testing with VoiceOver on the WebAIM site.
You can read in-depth information on designing and using accessible content on the official Blackboard Help Page and after reading you can contact Jennifer Jaiswal Blackboard Support Specialist at (631) 632-2782 for more in-depth questions.
All the rules that apply to text, images and other sections in this document are applicable to specific programs and websites like Blackboard.
Available Through | Available To | |
---|---|---|
Ableton LiveAbelton Live is a musical tool that allows users to create, produce and perform music. Platform: Mac | SINC Sites | Students |
Adobe Acrobat Pro XAdobe Acrobat Pro is software that creates and manages dynamic forms, delivers professional documents and easily allows for the exporting of data for analysis and reporting. Platform: Mac, Windows | Other, SINC Sites | Faculty, Staff, Students |
Adobe Acrobat Reader DCAdobe Acrobat Reader is a software product for viewing, printing, searching, and collaborating on portable document files (PDFs). Platform: Mac, Windows | SINC Sites, SoftWeb | Faculty, Staff, Students |
Adobe After EffectsAdobe After Effects allows users to animate, alter and composite media for post-production editing of motion graphics. Platform: Mac | SINC Sites | Faculty, Staff, Students |
Adobe Creative CloudCreative applications and services that provide artists, designers, developers, photographers, and other creative professionals with tools and assets they need to create innovative work across desktop and mobile devices. Platform: Mac, Web Based | Directly from Publisher, Other, SINC Sites (Specific) | Faculty, Researchers, Staff, Students |
ArcGISArcGIS is a program that allows users to create maps, compile geographic data and analyze maps. Platform: Windows | SINC Sites, Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Students, Teaching Assistants |
ArduinoArduino is a program that allows users to create and edit code, and is geared towards introducing programming to users that are unfamiliar with software development. Platform: Mac | SINC Sites | Faculty, Staff, Students |
AutoCADAutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting program that used by architects, project managers and engineers. AutoCAD allows users to design buildings, products and spaces without drafting them by hand. Platform: Windows | SINC Sites, Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students |
BlenderBlender is a graphical tool that allows users to model, animate and render 3D graphics. Platform: Mac | SINC Sites | Students |
CCDC ConQuestCCDC ConQuest is a program that allows users to search and retrieve information from the Cambridge Structural Database. Platform: Windows | Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students, Teaching Assistants |
CCDC enCIFerCCDC enCIFer is a program that allows users to add information to CIF's without corrupting the syntax. Platform: Windows | Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students, Teaching Assistants |
CCDC IsoStarCCDC IsoStar is an application that provides interactive 3D scatterplots for chemical functional groups. Platform: Windows | Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students |
CCDC MercuryCCDC Mercury is a program that allows users to visualize structures and explore the crystal packing and statistical analysis of ConQuest searches. Platform: Windows | Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students, Teaching Assistants |
CCDC MogulCCDC Mogul is a program that allows users to access information such as preferred values of bond lengths, valence angles and acyclic torsion angles. Platform: Windows | Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students, Teaching Assistants |
CCDC PreQuestCCDC PreQuest is a program that allows users to build their own database of structures that can be searched by the Cambridge Structural Database. Platform: Windows | Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students, Teaching Assistants |
ChemDrawChemDraw is a program that allows users to draw chemical structures and convert chemical structures to name and vice versa. Platform: Mac, Windows | Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Researchers, Staff, Students |
COMSOL MultiphysicsCOMSOL is a physics and engineering program that allows users to analyze elements and simulate various physics/engineering concepts. Platform: Windows | SINC Sites, Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students |
Data Management Plan ToolData Management Plan Tool (DMP Tool) is an online resource that is meant to assist researchers in creating data management plans as required by most grant proposals. Platform: Web Based | Other | Faculty, Staff, Students |
DVD Studio ProDVD Studio Pro is a multimedia tool that allows users to edit and publish DVD's. Platform: Mac | SINC Sites | Faculty, Staff, Students |
EclipseEclipse is a software development environment that allows users to develop applications in Java. Platform: Windows | Directly from Publisher, SINC Sites | Faculty, Staff, Students |
EndNoteEndNote is a bibliographic tool which enables users to quickly organize references while automatically building bibliographic documentation. Platform: Mac, Windows | SINC Sites, SoftWeb, Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students |
ERDAS ImagineERDAS Imagine is a geospatial tool that allows users to process and analyze geospatial images. Platform: Windows | Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students |
FetchFetch is a file transfer protocol (FTP) client for Mac. Platform: Mac | SINC Sites, SoftWeb | Faculty, Staff, Students |
FileZilla ClientFilezilla is a file transfer protocol program that allows users to transfer files. Platform: Windows | SINC Sites | Faculty, Staff, Students |
Final Cut Pro XFinal Cut Pro X is a video editing tool that allows users to create, edit, process and publish video files. Platform: Mac | SINC Sites | Faculty, Staff, Students |
FinaleFinale is a program that allows users to compose and write sheet music. Platform: Mac | Other | Faculty, Staff, Students |
Finale NotePadFinale NotePad is a tool that allows users to create, play and print sheet music and music notation. Platform: Mac | Other | Faculty, Staff, Students |
Gadwin PrintScreenGadwin PrintScreen is a Windows utility that captures, prints, and saves screen data and images. Platform: Windows | SoftWeb | Faculty, Staff, Students |
GarageBandGarageBand is an application that allows users to make, write, record, mix and share music. Platform: Mac | SINC Sites | Faculty, Staff, Students |
GeneScan ViewGeneScan View is a program that allows users to convert raw data into analyzed data through specified parameters. Platform: Windows | Virtual SINC Site | Faculty, Staff, Students |